Analysis on NYTS 2021: Socio-demographic Factors and Its Effect on Harm Perception of Cigarette and E-Cigarette Smoking
Keywords:
Harm Perception, Electronic Cigarettes, Tobacco Cigarettes, Age, Grade Level, GenderAbstract
In this modern era of enhancement, basic to secondary human necessities and desires evolve. Smoking cigarettes has been a problem since then and policies and laws are promulgated to address the smoking problem that every nation faces. Background knowledge and personal social demographics may affect their harmful perception of smoking– whether it is an e-cigarette or a traditional cigarette. This research tackles and determines how socio-demographics such as age, gender, and grade level attained can impact the harmful perception of cigarette and e-cigarette consumption. This study further discusses the socio-demographics and its relationship with harm perception on cigarette and e-cigarette smoking. A survey questionnaire from the National Youth Tobacco Survey 2021 was used as a reference and basis to test whether age, gender, and grade level would affect the harm perception on the usage of cigarettes and e-cigarettes and then Multinomial Logistic Regression. Further testing revealed that gender and grade level positively affects the harmful perception of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking, contrary to age which negatively affects said perception.
References
Alechnowicz, K. (2004). The Philippine tobacco industry: “the strongest tobacco lobby in Asia.” Tobacco Control, 13(suppl_2), ii71–ii78. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.009324
Allcott, H., & Rafkin, C. (2020). Optimal Regulation of E-Cigarettes: Theory and Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592146
Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., Portnoy, D. B., Apelberg, B. J., Kaufman, A. R., & Choiniere, C. J. (2014). Perceptions of the Relative Harm of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes Among U.S. Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(2), S53–S60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.016
Audrain-McGovern, J., Strasser, A. A., & Wileyto, E. P. (2016). The impact of flavoring on the rewarding and reinforcing value of e-cigarettes with nicotine among young adult smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.030
Barnett, T. E., Soule, E. K., Forrest, J. R., Porter, L., & Tomar, S. L. (2015). Adolescent Electronic Cigarette Use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(2), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.013
Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Braymiller, J. L., Unger, J. B., McConnell, R., Stokes, A., Leventhal, A. M., Sargent, J. D., Samet, J. M., & Goodwin, R. D. (2020). Trends in the Age of Cigarette Smoking Initiation Among Young Adults in the US From 2002 to 2018. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2019022. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19022
Bellew, B., Antonio, M., Limpin, M., Alzona, L., Trinidad, F., Dorotheo, U., Yapchiongco, R., Garcia, R., Anden, A., & Alday, J. (2013). Addressing the tobacco epidemic in the Philippines: progress since ratification of the WHO FCTC [Review article]. Public Health Action, 3(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.5588/pha.13.0006
Bhattacharjee, P., Dey, V., Mandal, U., & Paul, S. (2022). Quantitative risk assessment of submersible pump components using Interval number-based Multinomial Logistic Regression(MLR) model. Reliability Engineering &Amp; System Safety, 226, 108703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108703
Cantrell, J., Huang, J., Greenberg, M. S., Xiao, H., Hair, E. C., & Vallone, D. (2019). Impact of e-cigarette and cigarette prices on youth and young adult e-cigarette and cigarette behaviour: evidence from a national longitudinal cohort. Tobacco Control, tobaccocontrol-2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054764
Chen, C. M., Chang, K. L., & Lin, L. (2013). Re-examining the price sensitivity of demand for cigarettes with quantile regression. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2801–2804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.003
Chiang, C. Y., & Chang, H. Y. (2016). A population study on the time trend of cigarette smoking, cessation, and exposure to secondhand smoking from 2001 to 2013 in Taiwan. Population Health Metrics, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-016-0109-x
Chinwong, D., Mookmanee, N., Chongpornchai, J., & Chinwong, S. (2018). A Comparison of Gender Differences in Smoking Behaviors, Intention to Quit, and Nicotine Dependence among Thai University Students. Journal of Addiction, 2018, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8081670
Choi, W. S., Gilpin, E. A., Farkas, A. J., & Pierce, J. P. (2001). Determining the probability of future smoking among adolescents. Addiction, 96(2), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96231315.x
Chung, W., Lim, S., & Lee, S. (2010). Factors influencing gender differences in smoking and their separate contributions: Evidence from South Korea. Social Science &Amp; Medicine, 70(12), 1966–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.025
Corrigan, J. R., O’Connor, R. J., & Rousu, M. C. (2020). Which smokers adopt e-cigarettes and at what price? An experimental estimation of price elasticity of demand and factors correlated with e-cigarette adoption. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106324
Cotti, C. D., Courtemanche, C., Maclean, C., Nesson, E., Pesko, M., & Tefft, N. (2021). The Effects of E-Cigarette Taxes on E-Cigarette Prices and Tobacco Product Sales: Evidence from Retail Panel Data. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856776
Cotti, C., Nesson, E., & Tefft, N. (2018). The relationship between cigarettes and electronic cigarettes: Evidence from household panel data. Journal of Health Economics, 61, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.08.001
Crespi, F., Liberati, P., Paradiso, M., Scialà, A., & Tedeschi, S. (2021). Smokers are different: The impact of price increases on smoking reduction and downtrading. Economic Modelling, 97, 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.04.004
Dave, D., Feng, B., & Pesko, M. F. (2019). The effects of e-cigarette minimum legal sale age laws on youth substance use. Health Economics, 28(3), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3854
Dobson, R. (2004). Poor more likely to smoke and less likely to quit. BMJ, 328(7445), 914.6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7445.914-e
Ekpu, V. U., & Brown, A. K. (2015). The Economic Impact of Smoking and of Reducing Smoking Prevalence: Review of Evidence. Tobacco Use Insights, 8, TUI.S15628. https://doi.org/10.4137/tui.s15628
Franz, G. (2008). Price effects on the smoking behaviour of adult age groups. Public Health, 122(12), 1343–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.05.019
Friedman, A. S., & Horn, S. J. L. (2018). Socioeconomic Disparities in Electronic Cigarette Use and Transitions from Smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(10), 1363–1370. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty120
Friedman, A. S. (2015). How does electronic cigarette access affect adolescent smoking? Journal of Health Economics, 44, 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.003
Friedson, A., & Rees, D. I. (2020). Cigarette Taxes and Smoking in the Long Run. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3602428
Gaiha, S. M., Duemler, A., Silverwood, L., Razo, A., Halpern-Felsher, B., & Walley, S. C. (2021). School-based e-cigarette education in Alabama: Impact on knowledge of e-cigarettes, perceptions and intent to try. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106519
Ganz, O., Johnson, A. L., Cohn, A. M., Rath, J., Horn, K., Vallone, D., & Villanti, A. C. (2018). Tobacco harm perceptions and use among sexual and gender minorities: findings from a national sample of young adults in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 81, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.032
Goel, R. K. (2014). Economic stress and cigarette smoking: Evidence from the United States. Economic Modelling, 40, 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.04.009
Goldenson, N. I., Leventhal, A. M., Stone, M. D., McConnell, R. S., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2017). Associations of Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Concentration With Subsequent Cigarette Smoking and Vaping Levels in Adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(12), 1192. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3209
Goniewicz, M. L., & Zielinska-Danch, W. (2012). Electronic Cigarette Use Among Teenagers and Young Adults in Poland. Pediatrics, 130(4), e879–e885. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3448
Gorukanti, A., Delucchi, K., Ling, P., Fisher-Travis, R., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2017). Adolescents’ attitudes towards e-cigarette ingredients, safety, addictive properties, social norms, and regulation. Preventive Medicine, 94, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.019
Harrell, P. T., Brandon, T. H., England, K. J., Barnett, T. E., Brockenberry, L. O., Simmons, V. N., & Quinn, G. P. (2019). Vaping Expectancies: A Qualitative Study among Young Adult Nonusers, Smokers, Vapers, and Dual Users. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 13, 117822181986621. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178221819866210
Hartwell, G., Thomas, S., Egan, M., Gilmore, A., & Petticrew, M. (2016). E-cigarettes and equity: a systematic review of differences in awareness and use between sociodemographic groups. Tobacco Control, 26(e2), e85–e91. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053222
Heckman, B. W., Fong, G. T., Borland, R., Hitchman, S., O’Connor, R. J., Bickel, W. K., Stein, J. S., Yong, H., Nahhas, G. J., Pope, D. A., Shang, C., Cheng, K., Levy, D. T., & Cummings, K. M. (2019). The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries. Addiction, 114(S1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14538
Heckman, J. J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample
selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models.
Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5(4), 475–492.
Huang, J., Tauras, J., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014). The impact of price and tobacco control policies on the demand for electronic nicotine delivery systems. Tobacco Control, 23(suppl 3), iii41–iii47. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051515
Huijie Li, Yunping Zhou, Suyun Li, Qiang Wang, Lulu Pan, Xiaorong Yang, Nan Zhang, Fan Jiang, Mingkui Han, & Chongqi Jia. (2015). The Relationship between Nicotine Dependence and Age among Current Smokers. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(4), 495–500.
Islam, T., Meade, N., Carson, R. T., Louviere, J. J., & Wang, J. (2022). The usefulness of socio-demographic variables in predicting purchase decisions: Evidence from machine learning procedures. Journal of Business Research, 151, 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.07.004
Jahnel, T., Ferguson, S. G., Partos, T., & Brose, L. S. (2020). Socioeconomic differences in the motivation to stop using e-cigarettes and attempts to do so. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100247
Jiajian Chen, & Millar Wj. (1998). Age of smoking initiation: implications for quitting. Health Reports, 9(4), 39-48(Fre). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9836879/
Jin, H. J., & Cho, S. M. (2021). Effects of cigarette price increase on fresh food expenditures of low-income South Korean households that spend relatively more on cigarettes. Health Policy, 125(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.08.004
Johnson, M. W., Johnson, P. S., Rass, O., & Pacek, L. R. (2017). Behavioral economic substitutability of e-cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and nicotine gum. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117711921
Jun, J., & Kim, J. K. (2020). Do state regulations on e-cigarettes have impacts on the e-cigarette prevalence? Tobacco Control, 30(2), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055287
Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00521-4
Kalkhoran, S. M., Levy, D. E., & Rigotti, N. A. (2022). Smoking and E-Cigarette Use Among U.S. Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 62(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.018
Kilic, D., & Ozturk, S. (2014). Gender differences in cigarette consumption in Turkey: Evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Health Policy, 114(2–3), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.019
Kong, G., Bold, K. W., Cavallo, D. A., Davis, D. R., Jackson, A., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2021). Informing the development of adolescent e-cigarette cessation interventions: A qualitative study. Addictive Behaviors, 114, 106720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106720
Leinsalu, M., Kaposvári, C., & Kunst, A. E. (2011). Is income or employment a stronger predictor of smoking than education in economically less developed countries? A cross-sectional study in Hungary. BMC Public Health, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-97
Lippert, A. M. (2015). Do Adolescent Smokers Use E-Cigarettes to Help Them Quit? The Sociodemographic Correlates and Cessation Motivations of U.S. Adolescent E-Cigarette Use. American Journal of Health Promotion, 29(6), 374–379. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.131120-quan-595
Li, W., Vargas-Rivera, M., Eissenberg, T. E., Shihadeh, A., Talih, S., & Maziak, W. (2022). Effect of menthol/mint-flavored pods on young JUUL E-cigarette users’ subjective experience, puffing behavior, and nicotine exposure: A pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 237, 109516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109516
Loomis, B. R., Rogers, T., King, B. A., Dench, D. L., Gammon, D. G., Fulmer, E. B., & Agaku, I. T. (2016). National and State-Specific Sales and Prices for Electronic Cigarettes—U.S., 2012–2013. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.003
Madden, D. (2008). Sample selection versus two-part models revisited: The case of female smoking and drinking. Journal of Health Economics, 27(2), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.07.001
Mantey, D. S., Chido-Amajuoyi, O. G., Omega-Njemnobi, O., & Montgomery, L. (2021). Cigarette smoking frequency, quantity, dependence, and quit intentions during adolescence: Comparison of menthol and non-menthol smokers (National Youth Tobacco Survey 2017–2020). Addictive Behaviors, 121, 106986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106986
Martín Álvarez, J., Golpe, A., Iglesias, J., & Ingelmo, R. (2020). Price and income elasticities of demand for cigarette consumption: what is the association of price and economic activity with cigarette consumption in Spain from 1957 to 2016? Public Health, 185, 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.059
Martire, K. A., Clare, P., Courtney, R. J., Bonevski, B., Boland, V., Borland, R., Doran, C. M., Farrell, M., Hall, W., Iredale, J. M., Siahpush, M., & Mattick, R. P. (2017). Smoking and finances: baseline characteristics of low income daily smokers in the FISCALS cohort. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0643-6
Marynak, K. L., Gammon, D. G., King, B. A., Loomis, B. R., Fulmer, E. B., Wang, T. W., & Rogers, T. (2017). National and State Trends in Sales of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes, U.S., 2011–2015. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.016
Mathur Gaiha, S., Halpern-Felsher, B., Feld, A. L., Gaber, J., Rogers, T., & Henriksen, L. (2021). JUUL and other e-cigarettes: Socio-demographic factors associated with use and susceptibility in California. Preventive Medicine Reports, 23, 101457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101457
Meernik, C., Baker, H. M., Kowitt, S. D., Ranney, L. M., & Goldstein, A. O. (2019). Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review. BMJ Open, 9(10), e031598. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031598
Merz, W., Magraner, J., Gunge, D., Advani, I., Crotty Alexander, L. E., & Oren, E. (2022). Electronic cigarette use and perceptions during COVID-19. Respiratory Medicine, 200, 106925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106925
Noland, M., Rayens, M. K., Wiggins, A. T., Huntington-Moskos, L., Rayens, E. A., Howard, T., & Hahn, E. J. (2017a). Current Use of E-Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes Among US High School Students in Urban and Rural Locations: 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(5), 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117117719621
Orleans, C. T. (2007). Increasing the Demand for and Use of Effective Smoking-Cessation Treatments. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(6), S340–S348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.003
Park, S. H., Duncan, D. T., Shahawy, O. E., Lee, L., Shearston, J. A., Tamura, K., Sherman, S. E., & Weitzman, M. (2017). Characteristics of Adults Who Switched From Cigarette Smoking to E-cigarettes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(5), 652–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.033
Perelman, J., Alves, J., Pfoertner, T. K., Moor, I., Federico, B., Kuipers, M. A. G., Richter, M., Rimpela, A., Kunst, A. E., & Lorant, V. (2017). The association between personal income and smoking among adolescents: a study in six European cities. Addiction, 112(12), 2248–2256. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13930
Pesko, M., Courtemanche, C., & Maclean, C. (2020). The Effects of Traditional Cigarette and E-Cigarette Tax Rates on Adult Tobacco Product Use. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3844276
Pisinger, C., & Døssing, M. (2014). A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Preventive Medicine, 69, 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009
Plurphanswat, N., Kaestner, R., & Rodu, B. (2017). The Effect of Smoking on Mental Health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(4), 471–483. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.41.4.12
Pokhrel, P., Fagan, P., Little, M. A., Kawamoto, C. T., & Herzog, T. A. (2013). Smokers Who Try E-Cigarettes to Quit Smoking: Findings From a Multiethnic Study in Hawaii. American Journal of Public Health, 103(9), e57–e62. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301453
Rapp, J. L., Alpert, N., Wilson, K. M., Flores, R. M., & Taioli, E. (2021). Changes in E-Cigarette Perceptions Over Time: A National Youth Tobacco Survey Analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(2), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.006
Ronchetti, J., & Terriau, A. (2021). Help me quit smoking but don’t make me sick! The controversial effects of electronic cigarettes on tobacco smokers. Social Science & Medicine, 274, 113770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113770
Rousu, M. C., Marette, S., Thrasher, J. F., & Lusk, J. L. (2014). The economic value to smokers of graphic warning labels on cigarettes: Evidence from combining market and experimental auction data. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 108, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.003
Sanders-Jackson, A., Schleicher, N. C., Fortmann, S. P., & Henriksen, L. (2015). Effect of warning statements in e-cigarette advertisements: an experiment with young adults in the United States. Addiction, 110(12), 2015–2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12838
Sapru, S., Vardhan, M., Li, Q., Guo, Y., Li, X., & Saxena, D. (2020). E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09572-x
Schneider, S., & Diehl, K. (2015). Vaping as a Catalyst for Smoking? An Initial Model on the Initiation of Electronic Cigarette Use and the Transition to Tobacco Smoking Among Adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(5), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv193
Shah, A., Pharm, M., & Pharm, B. (2017). E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: Economic Impact on Current Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6086&context=etd
Siahpush, M., Borland, R., & Scollo, M. (2003, March 01). Smoking and financial stress. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/1/60
Smethells, J. R., Harris, A. C., Burroughs, D., Hursh, S. R., & LeSage, M. G. (2018). Substitutability of nicotine alone and an electronic cigarette liquid using a concurrent choice assay in rats: A behavioral economic analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.008
Smith, T. T., Sved, A. F., Hatsukami, D. K., & Donny, E. C. (2014). Nicotine reduction as an increase in the unit price of cigarettes: A behavioral economics approach. Preventive Medicine, 68, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.005
Smith, T. T., Wahlquist, A. E., Heckman, B. W., Cummings, K. M., & Carpenter, M. J. (2018). Impact of E-cigarette Sampling on Cigarette Dependence and Reinforcement Value. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(2), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty258
Snider, S. E., Cummings, K. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2017). Behavioral economic substitution between conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes differs as a function of the frequency of e-cigarette use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.017
Stallings-Smith, S., & Ballantyne, T. (2019). Ever Use of E-Cigarettes Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sociodemographic Factors. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56, 004695801986447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019864479
Tamayo, R. L. (2021). Factors associated with the intention to continue using tobacco among adolescents: A secondary analysis of the 2015 Global Youth Tobacco Survey in the Philippines. Population Medicine, 3(November), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18332/popmed/143526
Tokle, R., Brunborg, G. S., & Vedøy, T. F. (2021). Adolescents’ Use of Nicotine-Free and Nicotine E-Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Study of Vaping Transitions and Vaper Characteristics. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(3), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab192
Varona-Perez, P., Bridges, S., Lorenzo-Vazquez, E., Suarez-Medina, R., Venero-Fernandez, S. J., Langley, T., Britton, J., & Fogarty, A. (2019). What is the association between price and economic activity with cigarette consumption in Cuba from 1980 to 2014? Public Health, 173, 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.014
Walker, N., Parag, V., Wong, S. F., Youdan, B., Broughton, B., Bullen, C., & Beaglehole, R. (2020). Use of e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco in youth aged 14–15 years in New Zealand: findings from repeated cross-sectional studies (2014–19). The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), e204–e212. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30241-5
Wipfli, H., Bhuiyan, M. R., Qin, X., Gainullina, Y., Palaganas, E., Jimba, M., Saito, J., Ernstrom, K., Raman, R., & Withers, M. (2020). Tobacco use and E-cigarette regulation: Perspectives of University Students in the Asia-Pacific. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106420
Wong, L. P., Mohamad Shakir, S. M., Alias, H., Aghamohammadi, N., & Hoe, V. C. (2016). Reasons for Using Electronic Cigarettes and Intentions to Quit Among Electronic Cigarette Users in Malaysia. Journal of Community Health, 41(6), 1101–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0196-4
Yao, T., Sung, H. Y., Huang, J., Chu, L., St. Helen, G., & Max, W. (2020). The impact of e-cigarette and cigarette prices on e-cigarette and cigarette sales in California. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101244
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 UJoST- Universal Journal of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Scientiae Mundi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Articles in this journal are Open Access articles published under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA License This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work and source is properly cited.
Any derivative of the original must be distributed under the same license as the original.
